Removal by address: Difference between revisions

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== Criticism and reform efforts ==

=== 1820 Constitutional Convention ===

During the [[Constitutional Convention of 1820]], some delegates proposed a constitutional amendment to require a two-thirds vote of both houses for removal by address. The proposal was rejected by ~~a majority of delegates~~.<ref name="froth"/>

During the [[Constitutional Convention of 1820]], some delegates proposed a constitutional amendment to require a two-thirds vote of both houses for removal by address. Future Governor [[Levi Lincoln Jr.]], among others, successfully argued against the change, pointing out that there were no obvious problems with judicial independence under the current system. The proposal was rejected by the convention, with the final vote being 105{{endash}}210.<ref name="froth"/>{{rp|217}}<ref name="grinnell">{{cite book |last=Grinnell |first=Frank Washburn |authorlink= |title= The Constitutional History of the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts From the Revolution to 1813|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/102669467 |accessdate=July 12, 2025 |year=1917 |publisher=Massachusetts Bar Association |location=Boston |isbn= }}</ref>{{rp|514}}

Another amendment stipulated that subjects of address receive a fair hearing before legislative action and that a public reason for removal be given. This amendment was adopted by the legislature, and it was bundled with an amendment limiting legislative power to request advisory opinions from the [[Supreme Judicial Court]]. The bundled amendment was rejected by voters at the subsequent ratification election.<ref name="froth"/>

Another amendment stipulated that subjects of address receive a fair hearing before legislative action and that a public reason for removal be given. This amendment was adopted by the legislature, and it was bundled with an amendment limiting legislative power to request advisory opinions from the [[Supreme Judicial Court]]. The bundled amendment was rejected by voters at the subsequent ratification election.<ref name="froth"/>{{rp|218}}

== References ==

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 == Criticism and reform efforts ==
 === 1820 Constitutional Convention ===
-During the [[Constitutional Convention of 1820]], some delegates proposed a constitutional amendment to require a two-thirds vote of both houses for removal by address. The proposal was rejected by a majority of delegates.<ref name="froth"/>
+During the [[Constitutional Convention of 1820]], some delegates proposed a constitutional amendment to require a two-thirds vote of both houses for removal by address. Future Governor [[Levi Lincoln Jr.]], among others, successfully argued against the change, pointing out that there were no obvious problems with judicial independence under the current system. The proposal was rejected by the convention, with the final vote being 105{{endash}}210.<ref name="froth"/>{{rp|217}}<ref name="grinnell">{{cite book |last=Grinnell |first=Frank Washburn |authorlink= |title= The Constitutional History of the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts From the Revolution to 1813|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/102669467 |accessdate=July 12, 2025 |year=1917 |publisher=Massachusetts Bar Association |location=Boston |isbn= }}</ref>{{rp|514}}
-Another amendment stipulated that subjects of address receive a fair hearing before legislative action and that a public reason for removal be given. This amendment was adopted by the legislature, and it was bundled with an amendment limiting legislative power to request advisory opinions from the [[Supreme Judicial Court]]. The bundled amendment was rejected by voters at the subsequent ratification election.<ref name="froth"/>
+Another amendment stipulated that subjects of address receive a fair hearing before legislative action and that a public reason for removal be given. This amendment was adopted by the legislature, and it was bundled with an amendment limiting legislative power to request advisory opinions from the [[Supreme Judicial Court]]. The bundled amendment was rejected by voters at the subsequent ratification election.<ref name="froth"/>{{rp|218}}
 == References ==